THE UNIVERSE ACCORDING TO ANAXAGORAS

 Anaxagoras' View on Celestial Bodies

Anaxagoras applied his physical theories to celestial phenomena, making early scientific claims that were controversial at the time: 

He claimed the Sun was a mass of red-hot metal. 

He proposed the Moon was an earthy body that reflected the Sun's light.

He gave the correct explanation for eclipses, attributing them to the interposition of other bodies between the earth and the sun or the moon. 
(From Google AI)

Fragments   by Anaxagoras of Clazomenae    Edited and Translated by Arthur Fairbanks 

DK 59 B1 = Simplicius. Physique. 155, 23 

All things were together, infinite both in number and in smallness; for the small too was infinite. And, when all things were together, none of them could be distinguished for their smallness. For air and aether prevailed over all things, being both of them infinite; for amongst all things these are the greatest both in quantity and size.                                                                                  

DK 59 B2 = Simplicius. Physique. 155, 30 2. 

For air and aether are separated off from the mass that surrounds the world, and the surrounding mass is infinite in quantity. 

DK 59 B3 = Simplicius. Physique. 164, 16 

Nor is there a least of what is small, but there is always a smaller; for it cannot be that what is should cease to be by being cut. But there is also always something greater than what is great, and it is equal to the small in amount, and, compared with itself, each thing is both great and small. 

DK 59 B4 = Simplicius. Physique. 34, 28 ; 156, 1 ; 34, 21 ; 157, 9 

And since these things are so, we must suppose that there are contained many things and of all sorts in the things that are uniting, seeds of all things, with all sorts of shapes and colors and savors (R. P. ib.), and that men have been formed in them, and the other animals that have life, and that these men have inhabited cities and cultivated fields as with us; and that they have a sun and a moon and the rest as with us; and that their earth brings forth for them many things of all kinds of which they gather the best together into their dwellings, and use them (R. P. 160 b). Thus much have I said with regard to separating off, to show that it will not be only with us that things are separated off, but elsewhere too. But before, they were separated off, when all things were together, not even was any color distinguishable: for the mixture of all things prevented it -- of the moist and the dry, and the warm and the cold, and the light and the dark, and of much earth that was in it, and of a multitude of innumerable seeds in no way like each other. For none of the other things either is like any other. And these things being so, we must hold that all things are in the whole.

DK 59 B5 = Simplicius. Physique. 156, 9 

And those things having been thus decided, we must know that all of them are neither more nor less; for it is not possible for them to be more than all, and all are always equal. 

DK 59 B6 = Simplicius. Physique. 164, 25 

 And since the portions of the great and of the small are equal in amount, for this reason, too, all things will be in everything; nor is it possible for them to be apart, but all things have a portion of everything. Since it is impossible for there to be a least thing, they cannot be separated, nor come to be by themselves; but they must be now, just as they were in the beginning, all together. And in all things many things are contained, and an equal number both in the greater and in the smaller of the things that are separated off. 

DK 59 B7 = Simplicius. De caelo 608, 23 

So that we cannot know the number of the things that are separated off, either in word or deed. 

DK 59 B8 = Simplicius. Physique. 175, 11 ; 176, 28 

The things that are in one world are not divided nor cut off from one another with a hatchet, neither the warm from the cold nor the cold from the warm. 

DK 59 B9 = Simplicius. Physique. 35, 13 

 ... as these things revolve and are separated off by the force and swiftness. And the swiftness makes the force. Their swiftness is not like the swiftness of any of the things that are now among men, but in every way many times as swift. 

 "swiftness" is the mechanism by which Nous (Mind or cosmic intellect) generated the physical universe from a primordial mixture.

DK 59 B10 = Shol.In Gregor. XXXVI, 911 

How can hair come from what is not hair, or flesh from what is not flesh? 

DK 59 B11 = Simplicius. Physique. 164,22 

In everything there is a portion of everything except Nous, and there are some things in which there is Nous also. 

(Anaxagoras' concept of NOUS is the mind or intellect that initiated motion and brought order to the Universe from a primordial mixture of all things.)

DK 59 B12= Simplicius. Physique. 164,24 ; 156,13 ; Vgl.16,32. 

All other things partake in a portion of everything, while Nous is infinite and self-ruled, and is mixed with nothing, but is alone, itself by itself. For if it were not by itself, but were mixed with anything else, it would partake in all things if it were mixed with any; for in everything there is a portion of everything, as has been said by me in what goes before, and the things mixed with it would hinder it, so that it would have power over nothing in the same way that it has now being alone by itself. For it is the thinnest of all things and the purest, and it has all knowledge about everything and the greatest strength; and Nous has power over all things, both greater and smaller, that have life. And Nous had power over the whole revolution, so that it began to revolve in the beginning. And it began to revolve first from a small beginning; but the revolution now extends over a larger space, and will extend over a larger still. And all the things that are mingled together and separated off and distinguished are all known by Nous. And Nous set in order all things that were to be, and all things that were and are not now and that are, and this revolution in which now revolve the stars and the sun and the moon, and the air and the aether that are separated off. And this revolution caused the separating off, and the rare is separated off from the dense, the warm from the cold, the light from the dark, and the dry from the moist. And there are many portions in many things. But no thing is altogether separated off nor distinguished from anything else except Nous. And all Nous is alike, both the greater and the smaller; while nothing else is like anything else, but each single thing is and was most manifestly those things of which it has most in it. 

DK 59 B13 = Simplicius. Physique 300,27 ; Aristote Physique B2. 

And when Nous began to move things, separating off took place from all that was moved, and so much as Nous set in motion was all separated. And as things were set in motion and separated, the revolution caused them to be separated much more. 

DK 59 B14 = Simplicius. Physique 167,5. 

And Nous, which ever is, is certainly there, where everything else is, in the surrounding mass, and in what has been united with it and separated off from it. 

DK 59 B15 = Simplicius. Physique 179,3 

The dense and the moist and the cold and the dark came together where the earth is now, while the rare and the warm and the dry (and the bright) went out towards the further part of the aether

DK 59 B16 = Simplicius Physique 179,6. 

From these as they are separated off earth is solidified for from mists water is separated off, and from water earth. From the earth stones are solidified by the cold, and these rush outwards more than water. 

DK 59 B17 = Simplicius. Physique. 163,18. 

The Hellenes follow a wrong usage in speaking of coming into being and passing away; for nothing comes into being or passes away, but there is mingling and separation of things that are. So they would be right to call coming into being mixture, and passing away separation. 

DK 59 B18 = Plutarch de fac. in orb. lun 16,929b 

It is the sun that puts brightness into the moon. 

DK 59 B19 = Schol. Hom. BT in Iliadem 17, 547 

We call rainbow the reflection of the sun in the clouds. Now it is a sign of storm; for the water that flows round the cloud causes wind or pours down in rain. 

DK 59 B20 = Galen, in Hippoer, de aëre aqu. loc. VI 202 (arguably spurious) 

With the rise of the Dogstar (?) men begin the harvest; with its setting they begin to till the fields. It is hidden for forty days and nights.

"Dogstar" refers to the brightest star in the night sky, Sirius, which is located in the southern constellation Canis Major (the Great Dog). The name comes from its close association with the ancient Greek and Roman hunting dog constellations, and historically, its rising in the pre-dawn sky was linked to the hottest days of summer and the Nile River flood in ancient Egypt. 

 DK 59 B21 = Sextus adv. math. VII, 90 

From the weakness of our senses we are not able to judge the truth.

 DK 59 B21a = Sextus adv. math. VII, 140 

What appears is a vision of the unseen.

DK 59 B21b = Plutarch de fort. 3, 98f 

(We can make use of the lower animals) because we use our own experience and memory and wisdom and art. DK 59 B22 = Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, II, 57d What is called "birds' milk" is the white of the egg

 And there you have it.                                     

Today's Cosmic Theory going 360 degrees back to the Ancients!

 

HOW GREEK AM I?

What do we know about our genealogy?

Sometime ago I did a DNA test and the results left me speechless. 

In my recent book,  "A TIMELESS PRESENCE-Evolution of Language and Writing in the Hellenic Peninsula",  I make mention of the importance of knowing our roots and our tribe's path in History. I found it necessary to examine my own roots in an effort to throw light on a  common held belief  that the history of my Family has roots on another country other than Greece. So let's start at the beginning:  

My seed was planted a year after the Great earthquake of 1953 that destroyed the town of Zakynthos in the idealic island of Zakynthos, also known as Zante ( Italian name given during  two Italian occupations. According to Google AI:  period A) a medieval period under the County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos (1185-1479) and B) during WWII (1941-1943). 

It was after the devastating earthquake when my mother was sent to the island by the Greek government as a Social Worker to assist  with helping the local population that she met and fell in love with my Zakynthian father thus uniting the Blood and Culture of Zakynthos and Crete, two historic islands of Greece.

After spending my first 14 years in the island and another 6 in the Capital Athens I found myself in Scotland's Glasgow married to a local girl. It was then that I decided to have my DNA test done. The result was very revealing and a testament of the resilience of the Human race.

 It turns out I'm 55% Italian 45& Greek! So it IS true. My family did originate in Italy! 

This is what my Genealogy map looks like:

So, what does it all mean?

The largest, by far, share of my DNA  is the 55% Italian influence which I attribute to Ancient ancestry form Greek colonies in South Italy  (Magna Grecia), or maybe my father's ancestry was Italian settlers on the Island.

My 26% share is of the Greek mainland and Albanian influence (Ancient Illyria). 

Surprisingly the influence of the Aegean islands, homeland and birthplace of my mother  is only 16%.

As for the 3% influence of Central Europe, I attribute this to Ancient DNA from the origins of the first settlers in the Hellenic Peninsula and the later Slavic mixtures.

So there you have it. You think you know your origins? 

Think again.

A TASTE OF A TIMELESS PRESENCE: EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE AND WRITING IN THE HELLENIC PENINSULA

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REQUESTS FOR ORDERS:  toparon.info@gmail.com

who controls the aegean?

A battle of wits between Greece and Turkey 

The East Mediterranean is undergoing a cosmogony due to Europe's need for Gas 

The war on Ukraine has increasingly made it difficult to purchase cheap Gas  because of USA led sanctions against Russia. As a result the Europeans have started to look for other sources of Hydrocarbons that will come from the USA, the Middle East and the East Mediterranean. This has brought forward claims of ownership between Greece and Turkey with opposing views and tensions as to who owns the resources of the East Mediterranean.                                                                                                                   

As a result the recently signed memorandum of “calm waters” between the two countries has been negated by Turkey’s aggressive actions in the Aegean. Turkey has employed its old friend “the NAVTEX” to declare its will to claim ownership of part of Aegean waters. For those who don’t know what NAVTEX is, according to Google AI:                   

In maritime contexts, NAVTEX (NAVegational TEXt) is an international, automated medium-frequency service that provides ships with essential Marine Safety Information (MSI), including weather forecasts, navigational warnings, and search and rescue notices.                                                                                                                                    

So each signatory country to this service is allocated a portion of sea area to control and issue warnings to International shipping.  The organisation overseeing this system is the IHO (International Hydrographic Organisation) which has 102 member states including Greece and Turkey. As a result the two countries are obliged to control their portion of maritime area. The IHO has drawn and published detailed maps of the areas allocated to each country and these are easily checked by anybody. We show below the map referring to the East Mediterranean.

The map was published after the meeting of  THE NAVAREA III NAVTEX SERVICE NATIONAL CO-ORDINATORS MEETING IHB, PRINCIPALITY OF MONACO, 18-19 JANUARY 2006.

Let's explain the map:

Red lines: The lines enclosing a country's area of control.

Red dots: The stations which issue NAVTEX.  

By closing-in we can see that there are three areas of responsibility of Greece.                

Lemnos for North Aegean 

Heraklion for South Aeggean 

Corfu for South Adriatic and Ionian Seas                                                                                                           

The Turkish areas of NAVTEX issuing are as follows:                                                         

Istanbul

: Serves the Sea of Marmara and western Black Sea.                                                 

Samsun

: Covers the Black Sea.                                                                                               

Izmir

: Broadcasts for the Aegean Sea.                                                                                   

Antalya

: Provides warnings for the Mediterranean Sea.

It is, therefore, not possible for Turkey to issue NAVTEX for areas in Greece's responsibility; no ifs no buts no coconuts.

During the latest NAVAREA meeting Greece was asked to control the North Eastern area of Libya.

I do hope that Turkish officials see this post because, obviously, they don't teach this in the  Turkish education system

Sources

GOOGLE AI overview on  NAVTEX meaning in maritime

https://www.google.com/search?q=navtex+meaning+in+maritime&oq=NAVTEX+MEANING&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBwgBEAAYgAQyBwgAEAAYgAQyBwgBEAAYgAQyCAgCEAAYFhgeMggIAxAAGBYYHjIICAQQABgWGB4yCAgFEAAYFhgeMggIBhAAGBYYHjIICAcQABgWGB4yDQgIEAAYhgMYgAQYigUyDQgJEAAYhgMYgAQYigXSAQozMzI3NWowajE1qAIIsAIB8QUdsYfxk3WzJfEFHbGH8ZN1syU&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

GOOGLE AI: 

https://www.google.com/search?q=turkish+navtex+issuing+stations&num=10&sca_esv=efbb7c509a58d99b&sxsrf=AE3TifOImPX2jj52fcCMnFoGZ5Rx-XT7_g%3A1759659219746&udm=50&fbs=AIIjpHxU7SXXniUZfeShr2fp4giZ1Y6MJ25_tmWITc7uy4KIeqDdErwP5rACeJAty2zADJgYJpo1blvMpITBRgbnARM6y8KwxzRsF24u6g33NutBQiYU4YYg2NVY9oewD6JMcYBKargMsgCi4cL08u6SynE_cy-05ouuwN6iQirrv5M9n70PIysVTl7Iu_TGD_Sddr0p2qNgSo3BfXOJ_vI1AD3GRn5E_w&aep=1&ntc=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHud-16YyQAxWBXkEAHZQrIgsQ2J8OegQIDxAE&biw=1451&bih=727&dpr=1.25&mtid=3ETiaLT9K46FhbIP1N31kQw&mstk=AUtExfDemSDHZzs8p_Su18jZy_H9JqNByXT-R6k00d2Y9VeWlY3DUtnMAcCagTi8cCD_nq63sPnyehPdMLj6KzJel2P3m8tBLM7h3ZbX90icQDd26EmnIGOgHu8Kf1RkwThHs3SZjlZh78j1GOIgi6F86ZTfY8poSMDMBsibJq8ildpcawAoqtnLTqmCgWEHbz3iGjf9CW8yCc2jCfDOOU_Ar9tf6DAYQIUbKzA2kLSbcyvoau_k2wWcqzmU9ysbKNdsP5wiELaLOFXvIxfQW-THXSxnFFqOIO1fuSKTmswtXQLAg2a20quaPcPJBsyldiKPqf0cI7YFQgYqqg&csuir=1

NAVAREA 3: 

https://www.google.com/search?q=What+is+NAVAREA+III&num=10&sca_esv=25c2551b4f45e1f2&sxsrf=AE3TifPda5QldI7YFE7gHDV4t5O-zHHiag%3A1759486036989&ei=VKDfaLGQPJCphbIP2b3xiAY&ved=0ahUKEwixiuOh5IeQAxWQVEEAHdleHGEQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=What+is+NAVAREA+III&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiE1doYXQgaXMgTkFWQVJFQSBJSUkyCBAAGIAEGKIEMggQABiABBiiBDIIEAAYgAQYogQyCBAAGIAEGKIESLAjUKQNWP8dcAF4AZABAJgBuAGgAdcHqgEDMy41uAEDyAEA-AEBmAIJoAKWCMICChAAGLADGNYEGEfCAgcQIxiwAhgnwgIHEAAYgAQYDcICCBAAGAcYCB]gewgIGEAAYDRgewgIIEAAYogQYiQXCAgUQABjvBcICBBAhGAqYAwCIBgGQBgiSBwMzLjagB8QqsgcDMi42uAeHCMIHBzAuMy40LjLIByw&sclient=gws-wiz-serp

 Map of IHO Member States: 

https://iho.int/en/map-of-member-states

MINUTES OF THE NAVAREA III NAVTEX SERVICE NATIONAL CO-ORDINATORS MEETING IHB, PRINCIPALITY OF MONACO, 18-19 JANUARY 2006 

https://iho.int/uploads/user/Inter-Regional%20Coordination/WWNWS/Relevant%20MSI%20Publications%20and%20Documents/English/NAVAREA3_Navtex_Mtg_Report.pdf

FOOD DIET OF THE ANCIENT GREEK FAMILY

 

An extract from the 27 page guide which is available by post at a cost of £5 plus postage.

The guide is written in English with some Greek, on A4 glossy paper, landscape style.

Here is a taste:

COVER

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This colouful  presentation is an important and enjoyable guide to the food the Ancient Greek family.  

To order send an email with your request to:  toparon.info@gmail.com

CRETE HAS DISAPPEARED (According to Libya)

 

The recent map from Libya negates the existence of Crete

The Turkish lackeys of Libya have looked up their history and concocted a laughable map of what they think their continental shelf is.

Obviously they cannot forget that Alexander helped Egypt against them  and they throw blank bullets against Greece. 

Here is what they do...

On the map we can see a line that extends from Western Libya to Eastern Libya. According to this the continental shelf extends northwards until it reaches the shores of Crete!

Therefore they ignore Crete's shelf but they accept the shelf of Malta!!! 

Are they idiots?

Obviously decades of Greek Military schooling taught them nothing

Actually they do this because they are subservient to the force called Turkey. And they may not realize it but they are doomed to be assimilated and loose all their National identity like the peoples of Anatolia. 

There is something that the Turkish deep State cannot stomach: The fact that Greece was never assimilated and Turkified. It's like a thorn in their eye.

                          LIVE LONG AND PROSPER GREECE

TWELVE MILES NOW!

 TURKEY HAS DECLARED THAT A GREEK TWELVE MILE TERRITORIAL WATER IS A CAUSE FOR WAR.

There have been continuous Turkish demands  for the exclusion of the Greek Islands from the planning for the Greek EEZ (exclusive Economic Zone) with the Turkologic argument that islands cannot have Continental Shelf  and any settlement between the two countries should only take account the two main land masses.

We have researched extensively and the results are as follows:

The major rule by which Maritime matters are examined and settled is the Law of the Sea known as UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).

The Law has been  ratified by 168 countries; Turkey has not.

Below map 1, taken from Wikipedia

  Parties   Parties, dually represented by the European Union   Non-parties that are signatories   Non-parties that are not signatories

On the question: Do islands have a Continental Shelf, Google AI answers:

Yes, islands can have a continental shelf, but it depends on the island's origin and location. Continental islands, which were once part of a larger landmass, are typically located on a continental shelf. Oceanic islands, formed by volcanic activity, may or may not have a continental shelf. 

The Greek islands are Continental islands as Google AI states: 

These islands are simply parts of a continental shelf that have become separated from the mainland, often due to rising sea levels or geological activity. Examples include islands near continents, like those off the coast of Scotland.  By having a look at the sea bed of the Aegean this is obvious. 

Around 6 MYA the Aegean looked very different ( MAP 2), with very little water in the South and the Southwest. So the island areas were just part of the Continent.  Eventually Sea levels rose to create the Aegean basin.

This makes Turkish claims unfounded and illogical.

MAP 2

To disperse Turkish claims Greece must exercise its right to extend its territorial water to 12 miles as soon as possible otherwise it will be a hostage to Turkish demands.

Below, the 6 mile Greek territorial waters as they are today in the Aegean. MAP 3

And in MAP 4 the 12 mile territorial waters.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNCLOS

MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING: THE GRECO-TURK QUESTION

 The tensions never stop between Greece and Turkey

What happened to the Declaration of Athens? The Declaration was signed in 2023 and it was advertised as a major step towards the peaceful coexistence between the two countries. It has, however served as a panacea short lived. In the space of the last two years Turkey has used the Declaration to serve its own unholy purposes. 

After the continuing maritime infringements of illegal fishing in Greek waters came the two very serious provocations during the legal explorations for cable laying in the Aegean when Turkish warships prevented the operations to take place.

The first incident took place off the coast of Kasos and the second just 6 miles north of Crete\         .

In a latest development, the two countries published their Maritime Spatial Plannings.

These are shown the following maps.

MAP 1

The planning as drawn by Greece (having paid penalties for late publishing) after direction from the E.E. using E.E. and Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) mapping and .

MAP 2

The Turkish planning using a Home Brew methodology of  Turkologic Law that only Turkey understands and implements.

With the thick red line is indicated the mid distance between the two land masses which the Turks use in their Turkologic interpretation of International Law. According to that the Islands have no continental shelf and therefore they do not take part in counting towards Sovereignty rights.

In other words any island East of the thick red line does not belong to Greece.

The reaction from the Greek government has been at best lukewarm. 

In a connected development, Greek Foreign Secretary Mr. Gerapetritis has bowed twice in front of his boss. 

Athens Declaration on Friendly and Good-Neighborly Relations

The President of the Republic of Turkey, H.E. Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and the Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic, H.E. Mr. Kyriakos Mitsotakis, representing their respective Governments (jointly referred to as “the Parties”), having chaired the 5th ^meeting of the Supreme Cooperation Council between the Republic of Turkey and the Hellenic Republic on 7 ^December 2023, in Athens, in a spirit of goodwill and cooperation,

PP 1. Recognizing the renewed will for cooperation between the Governments of the two countries,

PP 2. Underlining that the ties between the two neighboring nations have the potential to significantly increase the prosperity and dynamism of the region,

PP 3. Emphasizing the need to continue to work together for the benefit of both societies in a climate of friendship and mutual trust,

PP 4. Seeking to strengthen bilateral relations through existing institutional mechanisms,

PP 5. Stressing that, in order to strengthen good neighborly relations, both Parties, without prejudice to their respective legal positions, will cultivate a spirit of solidarity in the face of current and future challenges,

PP 6. Underlining that to promote this positive atmosphere and agenda, both Parties will encourage the exchange of visits at all levels with a results-oriented approach,

PP 7. Recalling that among the fundamental purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and the universally recognized principles of international law is the maintenance of international peace and friendly cooperation among States,

PP 8. Having resolved to cultivate friendly relations, mutual respect, peaceful coexistence and understanding and to settle any differences between them by peaceful means and in accordance with international law,

PP 9. Underlining the importance of effective channels and mechanisms of communication at all levels for the successful management of their bilateral relations, with particular emphasis on avoiding conflict situations and potential escalation,

PP 10 Stressing that both Parties will approach their relations with the aim of strengthening economic cooperation and deepening people-to-people ties, thereby contributing to the prosperity and peaceful coexistence of their two neighboring peoples, further stressing that to this end, in light of the significant progress achieved in advancing the positive agenda on economic and trade issues through the Joint Action Plan, the two sides will explore additional areas of cooperation,

They agreed on the following:

OP 1. The Parties agree to engage in continued constructive and substantive consultations based on the following pillars:

(a) Political Dialogue :

– on matters of mutual interest

– Exploratory/Consultative conversations

(b) Positive Agenda, within the framework of the enhanced Joint Action Plan, which includes measures of common interest in the areas of entrepreneurship-economy, tourism, transport, energy, innovation, science and technology, agriculture, environmental protection, social security and health, youth, education and sports and any other area jointly agreed upon, with the aim of achieving important and specific deliverables, rationalizing and continuously updating the agenda, in a structured manner and with new issues.

(c) Confidence-Building Measures, which include measures in the military sector that would contribute to the elimination of unjustified sources of tension, as well as the risks arising from them,

OP 2. The Parties undertake to refrain from any statement, initiative, or action that could undermine or discredit the letter and spirit of this Declaration or jeopardize the maintenance of peace and stability in their region.

OP 3. The Parties shall endeavour to resolve any dispute arising between them amicably, through direct consultations between them or by other means of mutual choice, as provided for in the Charter of the United Nations.

This Declaration does not constitute an international agreement binding on the Parties under international law. Nothing in this Declaration shall be construed as creating legal rights or obligations for the Parties.

Done at Athens, this 7th ^day of December 2023, in duplicate, each in the Turkish, Greek and English languages, all texts being equally authentic. In the event of any difference of interpretation, the English text shall prevail.